{"id":5605,"date":"2023-04-07T09:42:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T01:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/?p=5605"},"modified":"2023-09-01T13:48:11","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T05:48:11","slug":"ele5716","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/ele5716\/","title":{"rendered":"China Photovoltaic Technology Development Report 2023 (Simplified Version)"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Crystalline silicon materials and silicon wafers<\/strong><\/p>\n

In terms of polysilicon material preparation technology, my country focuses on the development of large-scale polysilicon material preparation technology. In 2022, the single-line production capacity of the mainstream trichlorosilane method is mainly 50,000 tons\/year, with a comprehensive power consumption of 60kWh\/kg-Si and a comprehensive energy consumption of 8.9kgce\/kg-Si; the silane method granular silicon adopts an FBR reactor with a production capacity of 5,000 tons\/year, and each unit is equipped with 4 FBR reactors, which are combined to form a 20,000 tons\/year granular silicon module. The two methods and energy consumption indicators have reached the international advanced level.
\nIn terms of monocrystalline silicon pulling technology, the diameter and length of silicon rods have been further improved. The length of the mainstream monocrystalline silicon rods for photovoltaics in my country has exceeded 5000mm, and it is equipped with an optimized and upgraded forced cooling device, which greatly improves the crystal growth rate. The single product furnace is equipped with multiple feeding devices inside\/outside, which can be repeatedly fed internally\/externally without stopping the furnace, improving production efficiency and reducing energy consumption. The crystal growth reaches the growth level of 2 to 10 pieces per furnace. The size of the thermal field is also developing in a larger direction, from 18 inches, 24 inches, 26 inches, 28 inches, and 32 inches to 36 inches, and the loading amount is increased to about 100kg. Monocrystalline silicon wafers are developing in the direction of large size, n-type, and thin slices. The mainstream thickness of silicon wafers used in PERC, TOPCON, and HJT batteries has reached 150um, 140um, and 130um.<\/p>\n

In terms of silicon wafer cutting technology, affected by the rising price of silicon materials, there are two important developments in diamond wire slicing technology. The first is the thinning of diamond wire. In 2022, the diameter of carbon steel busbars will drop to 36m, which is close to the wire diameter limit of carbon steel busbar cutting. The second is that diamond wire materials have begun to try tungsten steel wire instead of high-carbon steel wire. At the end of 22, domestic companies such as Xiamen Tungsten Industry and China Tungsten High-tech have 30 billion meters\/year of tungsten wire busbar production capacity: Meichang, Dale, Jucheng and other diamond wire companies have the capacity to mass produce tungsten wire diamond wire. At present, the mainstream wire diameter of tungsten wire diamond wire is 32 and 34um. Some tungsten wire diamond wire companies have mass-produced 28 and 30m tungsten wire diamond wire in small quantities, and the wire diameter has a more obvious advantage over the mainstream carbon steel wire.<\/p>\n

2. Crystalline silicon solar cells and modules<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most important research progress in crystalline silicon cells is that the heterojunction (HJT) cells produced by Longi Green Energy have a maximum efficiency of 26.81%, breaking the world record of 26.76% set by Japan's Kaneka Corporation on HBC cells in 2015. It is particularly noteworthy that Longi's cells set the efficiency record for solar cells produced on commercial-sized silicon wafers and have industrial value.<\/p>\n

TOPCon cells have achieved large-scale mass production, with a production capacity of about 80GW and an output of about 28GW. The internationally certified world efficiency of TOPCon cells is 25.4%, and China has made major breakthroughs in both laboratory and production line efficiency. In 2022, the TOPCon technology process will mature, and the yield will be increased to more than 95%, reaching a more competitive cost compared to PERC components.<\/p>\n

HJT cells have achieved the industrialization of single-sided microcrystalline HJT cells, with an average production line efficiency of 25%, and the prepared module power is 40~50W higher than the efficiency of the same type of PERC cells. Bifacial microcrystalline cell technology is being introduced, and there is still room for improvement in efficiency. In 2022, the laboratory efficiency of HJT cells continued to break through. In addition to LONGi's successive world efficiencies of 26.5% and 26.81%, the copper electrode HJT cell efficiency of Maxsun and Australia's Sundrive reached 26.41%, indicating the potential of copper electroplating technology.
\nFurther industrialization of back-knot technology. There are mainly three types of back-knot (BC) technologies that will be introduced into mass production in 2022, mainly IBC technology of Huanghe Hydropower, HPBC technology of Longi, and ABC technology of Aixu. By the end of 2022, large-scale shipments of such products have not been seen, and cost is still the core issue.<\/p>\n

3. Thin-film solar cells<\/strong><\/p>\n

In terms of copper-steel-selenium (CIGS) thin-film batteries, the record efficiency of rigid substrate batteries and modules remains at 23.4% and 19.64%, and the record efficiency of flexible substrate batteries remains at 21.4%. The efficiency of bifacial CIGS batteries has reached 19.77% (top) and 10.89% (bottom), and the certified efficiency of calcium ore\/CIGS two-terminal stacked batteries has reached 24.2%. The certified efficiency of my country's flexible substrate small-area CIGS batteries has reached 21.81%.<\/p>\n

In terms of cadmium-doped tetrahydrofuran (CdTe) thin-film batteries, global shipments of CdTe battery modules reached 10GW. my country's small-area battery efficiency reached 20%, and large-area module efficiency increased to 17%. The record efficiency of First Solar's batteries in the United States remained at 22.1%, and the efficiency of new large-size, high-stability modules reached 19.3%.<\/p>\n

In the field of copper zinc tin sulfur (CZTS) thin film batteries, my country maintains its leading edge. The Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has obtained a battery certification efficiency of 13.6%, setting a new record for CZTSSe battery efficiency. In the field of sulfide-based thin film batteries, my country maintains its first-mover advantage. The record efficiency of sulfide selenide (Sb,(S,Se);) batteries has reached 10.7%, the record efficiency of sulfide (Sb,S;) batteries has reached 8.0%, the record efficiency of rigid substrate selenide (S,Se;) batteries has reached 10.57%, and the record efficiency of flexible substrate S,Se; batteries has reached 8.43%.<\/p>\n

4. New solar cells<\/strong><\/p>\n

New solar cells mainly include calcium chrysene solar cells, organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, tandem solar cells and other solar cells that are still in the experimental research stage and at the forefront of industrialization.<\/p>\n

In terms of calcium chrysene batteries, the efficiency of my country's single-junction calcium chrysene solar cells is generally leading the world. The highest efficiency record of single-junction calcium chrysene solar cells is 25.7%, which was obtained by the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. The Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has obtained an NREL-certified efficiency of 25.6%. In terms of stability, my country is in a leading position in technology. The printed battery of Huazhong University of Science and Technology can pass the IEC61215:2016 standard and work at the maximum power point at 55\u00b15C for 9000 hours without obvious performance degradation. In terms of industrialization, my country is ahead of the international level in terms of enterprise capacity layout and technological breakthroughs. Wuxi Jidian Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. set an efficiency record of 18.2% for 100-square-centimeter-level batteries in December 2022 (area ~756cm, certified by JET), and China Huaneng Group Clean Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd. set a thousand-square-centimeter-level calcium ore photovoltaic module efficiency record of 18.5% in December 2022 (area ~3500cm, certified by TTL Laboratory); the world's largest size 12-meter ore module produced by GCL Optoelectronics in May 2022 has come off the production line; production lines of many companies have been completed and put into production one after another.<\/p>\n

In terms of organic thin-film batteries, my country has led the development of this field and has repeatedly broken the NREL efficiency record. The ternary organic solar cell of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences achieved an efficiency of 19.22% (certified efficiency 18.8%). In terms of stability, my country's research progress is at the international leading level. Nankai University has achieved for the first time a photoelectric conversion efficiency of more than 18% and a stability of more than 5000h. In terms of flexibility, large area and translucency, my country has reached international standards. The semi-transparent device prepared by South China University of Technology has achieved a conversion efficiency of 10.01% and an average transmittance of 30.53%, with a light utilization rate of 3.05%; Zhejiang University's 1cm flexible organic solar cell has an efficiency of 15.56%, and there is no efficiency attenuation after bending 100,000 times with a bending radius of 4mm; Soochow University has a 36cm large-area organicSolar Cells<\/a>An efficiency of 13.47% was achieved in the module.
\nIn the field of quantum dot batteries, my country has reached international standards in scientific research on various types of quantum dot solar cells. South China Agricultural University created a certification record of 15.2% for lead sulfide quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. Beijing Aerospace achieved a conversion efficiency of 16.53% for solar cell devices based on calcium chrysene quantum dots. In terms of stability, my country has also reached international standards. The Taiwan University of Science and Technology prepared a quantum dot-sensitized solar cell with an efficiency of 8.96%, which can still maintain the original efficiency of 90% after 150 hours of continuous operation. Lead sulfide quantum dot solar cells achieved a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.5% and maintained an initial efficiency of 89% after being placed in air for 4000 hours without packaging.<\/p>\n

In terms of tandem solar cells, my country leads the world in calcium chrysene\/calcium chrysene tandem. The certified efficiency of the all-calcium chrysene tandem solar cell prepared by Nanjing University in my country reached 29.0% (JET certification); the highest certified efficiency of ore\/silicon tandem solar cells is 32.5%, obtained by Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (HZB) in Germany. The 2T calcium chrysene\/crystalline silicon tandem cell developed by Beijing Yaoneng Technology Co., Ltd. in my country has achieved a breakthrough in efficiency, reaching 32.44%; the conversion efficiency of the inorganic calcium chrysene\/organic tandem solar cell prepared by Soochow University is 23.17% (aperture area 0.062cm) and 21.69% (aperture area 1.004cm), which is also at the international leading level.<\/p>\n

5. Photovoltaic system integration and application technology<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2022, the global photovoltaic industry ushered in a milestone development, with cumulative installed capacity exceeding 1 billion kilowatts, an increase of 24.3% over the previous year. China, the United States, Japan, India, Germany, Australia, South Korea, Italy, Spain and Brazil are the top ten photovoltaic markets in 2022, with total installed capacity accounting for about 80% of the world. my country's newly installed capacity is 87.4 million kilowatts, a year-on-year increase of 28.1%, and the cumulative photovoltaic installed capacity is 390 million kilowatts, becoming the third largest power source in my country. Photovoltaic system integration and application technology focuses on large-scale, high-proportion, and diversified development trends, and further develops centralized and distributed photovoltaic system technologies. Photovoltaic hydrogen production and other "photovoltaic +" application technologies are constantly enriched, supporting a number of new forms of photovoltaic system integration and application. In terms of centralized photovoltaic power stations, the international community has proposed a variety of large-scale photovoltaic integration solutions with MMC interfaces, and proposed a new vertical photovoltaic array arrangement mode that can increase the power generation by up to 15%. my country has developed an online diagnostic technology based on the AI string inverter IV curve. Its actual application can increase the power generation of power stations by more than 3%, realize the operation of new energy voltage source units without energy storage support in China, and verify the "self-synchronous voltage source control technology" of new energy units without energy storage.<\/p>\n

In terms of distributed photovoltaic systems, the world has developed a "community photovoltaic" consumption model, developed photovoltaic integration that takes load classification into consideration, and designed vertical photovoltaic products suitable for rooftop applications. my country has developed a "high-rise residential balcony photovoltaic solution" and a household power station optimization design solution, and the design time for a single power station can be shortened to 10 minutes.<\/p>\n

In terms of photovoltaic composite systems, the global agricultural photovoltaic power station market grew by 12.3%, and the newly installed floating photovoltaic capacity exceeded 50%. The diversified application scenarios of "photovoltaic +" are booming around the world. China, the United States, Europe, the United Kingdom and Japan have formulated or updated the roadmap for the development of space-based solar energy. my country has built the world's first offshore photovoltaic system with deep sea wind and solar power. More than 30 "photovoltaic + transportation", "photovoltaic + communication", photovoltaic storage, direct and flexible projects have demonstrated the design of a dual-voltage rural photovoltaic storage, direct and flexible integrated architecture and energy management system. The ground verification system of space-based solar energy has achieved a microwave transmission power of 2081 watts, a transmission distance of 55 meters, and an efficiency of 15.5%.<\/p>\n

In terms of photovoltaic hydrogen storage systems, the international community has proposed new three-port DC-DC conversion topologies and new integrated topologies suitable for off-grid photovoltaic storage and grid-connected photovoltaic storage and charging systems. Both domestic and foreign countries have developed a full range of photovoltaic storage products for large, medium and small systems. The technical indicators of some household photovoltaic storage products in my country have reached the international leading level. The global installed capacity of green hydrogen electrolyzers has reached 1.4 million kilowatts, an increase of 1.72 times over the previous year. A 19.5-megawatt alkaline electrolyzer with a single tank output of 4,460 standard cubic meters per hour is being developed: my country has added 8 photovoltaic and wind power hydrogen production projects, and built supporting photovoltaics of about 14 million kilowatts.<\/p>\n

6. Photovoltaic power converter and balancing components<\/strong><\/p>\n

In terms of inverter technology development, in response to the system stability problems caused by the high penetration rate of photovoltaic grid connection and the requirements for active support of the power grid, the research on grid-connected inverter technology is gradually gaining attention. The grid-connected inverter technology based on impedance adaptation and the dual-mode adaptive switching inverter control strategy were used for experimental verification and demonstration application. In response to the coordinated control problem of multi-inverter power stations, a hierarchical mode control technology based on multi-inverter photovoltaic power stations and a distributed collaborative stability control technology based on passivity theory were proposed, which can effectively improve the system's adaptability to complex grid changes. In response to the needs of high-efficiency, low-cost large-scale photovoltaic power stations, modular technology and equipment research on photovoltaic medium-voltage power generation units was carried out. Two container-type 6MW prototypes completed an empirical study of 35kV grid-connected operation. The cascaded medium-voltage photovoltaic inverter has 300 MPPTs. In terms of inverter product development, centralized inverters, string inverters and photovoltaic storage inverters have not changed much in terms of single-machine power level, power density and functions. Micro-inverter technology has developed and introduced an AC-coupled household energy storage system that integrates batteries and a bidirectional converter based on micro-inverter technology.<\/p>\n

7. Photovoltaic system operation and maintenance technology<\/strong><\/p>\n

Intelligent operation and maintenance has become an inevitable trend in photovoltaic operation and maintenance technology, which can greatly improve power generation and operation and maintenance efficiency. Intelligent operation and maintenance technology can be divided into two aspects: digital operation and maintenance and intelligent equipment. Digital operation and maintenance includes health diagnosis, hidden crack detection, hot spot scanning, series-parallel mismatch detection, etc. Intelligent equipment includes intelligent dust removal, intelligent weeding, intelligent snow removal, intelligent bird repellent, drone inspection and perception technology, etc.<\/p>\n

Health diagnosis is mainly based on intelligent algorithms, and is based on an iteratively optimized sequence pattern mining algorithm. It is quite advanced and can intuitively display the operation and maintenance status of the power station.<\/p>\n

Fault identification mainly relies on the use of drones equipped with high-definition cameras to automate fault identification and improve detection efficiency, as well as artificial intelligence technology based on machine vision and series-parallel mismatch detection technology based on big data analysis, which can achieve a fault identification accuracy of more than 95%.<\/p>\n

The main progress of optical power prediction technology is to achieve high-precision numerical weather forecasting based on historical weather data and power generation data through a combination of intelligent algorithms such as neural networks, machine learning, and deep learning.<\/p>\n

In terms of intelligent cleaning, the mainstream cleaning robots are dry-hanging type and crawler type. The dry-hanging type is characterized by walking along the frame of the components, and installing a bridge between adjacent brackets to help the robot cross rows. The crawler type is characterized by a cleaning device equipped on a crawler mobile chassis, which cleans the surface through a high-speed rotating brush, and can achieve high-precision positioning, autonomous planning of the optimal path, and fully automatic cleaning.<\/p>\n

Drone inspection and perception technology has made certain progress in the areas of intelligent and accurate fault identification, intelligent and accurate fault positioning, and intelligent algorithms. The fault identification accuracy rate has reached more than 97%, and the fault missed detection rate is less than 2%.<\/p>\n

8. Domestic and international photovoltaic power generation standards and empirical testing technologies<\/strong><\/p>\n

In terms of photovoltaic power generation standards, by the end of 2022, my country's nationalSolar Photovoltaic<\/a>The Energy System Standardization Technical Committee (SAC\/TC90) has issued 32 national and industry standards related to the photovoltaic field; the China Electricity Council has issued 94 national and industry standards related to the photovoltaic field, and will issue 3 relevant industry standards in the photovoltaic field in 2022. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has issued 7 relevant standards in the photovoltaic field, and will issue 3 relevant standards in the photovoltaic field in 2022; the International Electrotechnical Commission (EC) TC82 Working Group has issued 194 relevant standards in the photovoltaic field, and will issue 29 relevant standards in the photovoltaic field in 2022.<\/p>\n

In terms of photovoltaic power generation empirical testing technology, in order to improve the accuracy of photovoltaic components and system operation performance evaluation, photovoltaic outdoor empirical technology research and outdoor empirical field construction have been carried out both at home and abroad. In China, relying on national key R&D plan projects and national science and technology support plan projects, the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd. and other units have built photovoltaic system empirical testing platforms in typical climate zones across the country; at the same time, various power generation groups also rely on their investment in photovoltaic power stations to carry out the construction of photovoltaic outdoor empirical platforms. Among them, the State Power Investment Corporation built a photovoltaic storage integrated empirical experimental platform in Daqing, Heilongjiang, and released the first three quarters of the operation report in December 2022.<\/p>\n

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1. In terms of crystalline silicon materials and silicon wafer polysilicon material preparation technology, my country focuses on developing large-scale polysilicon material preparation technology. In 2022, the mainstream process of trichlorosilane [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[253,233],"class_list":["post-5605","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-blog","tag-guangfuchanye"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5605"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5605\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5605"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5605"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ray-tron.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}